Tennessee MSA Exports: A Comparison of 10 Metro Areas 2nd Quarter 2013
Tables and Graphs
Most of the urban areas have seen solid export growth over the past several years.
In the past several months, both the International Trade Administration and the Brookings "Export Nation" project have released estimates of metro area exports for 2012. They provide some interesting details about the export activity of Tennessee's 10 metro areas (formally known as metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs). As one might expect, the large majority of Tennessee exports come from its major cities. About 79% of Tennessee's 2012 exports came from the state's metro areas, versus the 77% of Tennesseans that live in them. (That figure includes only the portions of an MSA located in this state. Several of Tennessee's metro areas — Memphis, Chattanooga, Kingsport, and Clarksville — cross state lines.)
Most of the urban areas have seen solid export growth over the past several years. Chattanooga posted by far the best record, more than doubling its exports since 2007. Jackson and Kingsport-Bristol both exceeded the overall export growth rate for the state, while Knoxville grew roughly at the same rate as the rest of the state. The laggards were the smaller metro areas. Morristown's, Johnson City's, and Cleveland's export activity barely budged in the past five years, each growing by less than 5%. Over this time, four of the 10 metro areas have risen in the rankings of America's top exporting MSAs, as shown in our summary table.
This mixed bag of performances is indicative of some very different export profiles. The closest thing to a constant among them is the importance of the NAFTA market. NAFTA dominates the trading pattern of Clarksville, Morristown, Nashville, and Chattanooga and is the largest market for all the other Tennessee metro areas except Kingsport-Bristol. Kingsport-Bristol joins Memphis as having the most diverse geographical profile, followed by Johnson City and Jackson. These different geographic patterns, of course, are significantly determined by what the metro area is exporting. Auto-related exports are NAFTA-focused. The larger importance of Asia to Kingsport-Bristol and Memphis is determined by the former's concentration in chemicals and synthetics and the Bluff City's substantial medical equipment and agricultural industries. (That agriculture, cotton to be exact, is mostly brokered through Memphis, not grown there!)
There is increasing interest in service exports, which many believe to be America's comparative advantage in trade. The government does not compile service exports at the regional level, but Brookings has estimated them. For six of Tennessee's metro areas, service exports account for basically a quarter or more of all exports. Note the high correlation between the intensity of service exporting with the overall level of exporting for a metro area.
The two sets of metro export data starkly illustrate how difficult it is to obtain accurate export data. Take a look at the differences in the two sets of numbers. For a few areas, such as the Nashville metro area, they are relatively close; for others they are quite far apart. What's going on? Government data is largely taken from Shipper's Declaration Forms (augmented by other sources for NAFTA).
The forms provide lots of detailed information but suffer from some problems. If the form is filled out incorrectly, the data taken is obviously going to be incorrect. If the form is filled out by company headquarters, listing the HQ rather than the branch plant as the export location, that's a problem. If the form is filled out by a broker, freight forwarder, or some other agent who is unsure of the location of the export, is aggregating exports from different places, or is simply a bit lazy and filling in the agent's address, that is going to be a problem, too.
The general thinking is that these errors bias exports toward port areas, where most form filling is going on. In the case of Tennessee, that would tend to bias the allocation of exports toward Memphis, and you can see the much larger export figure for Memphis exports in the Census Bureau numbers than in the Brookings numbers.
Many analysts attempt to get around this issue by estimating exports based on where productive activity is located. If a community produces 10% of America's fabricated metals, then it should also produce 10% of America's fabricated metal exports, and so forth. This sounds reasonable, but it might also be misleading. Companies matter: some are export powerhouses; others are not. Take Kingsport-Bristol: the Brookings export estimate, based on production, is much lower than the information taken from Shipper's Declaration Forms. What's going on there? What's going on is Eastman Chemical, one of America's largest and most competitive exporters. The Brookings number is almost certainly too low because it isn't able to take the competitiveness of Eastman Chemical into account in compiling its estimates.
These export differences become less acute at higher levels of aggregation. Tennessee-level exports turn out roughly the same no matter how they are estimated, but as one drills down, the problem gets larger. A truly accurate picture of metro exporting involves triangulating across different export numbers to get a feel for what's going on.
The good news is no matter who is doing the accounting, the past five years have looked pretty good for most of the state's metro areas, in particular its larger communities.
Tennessee International Trade Report
The second quarter was a quiet one. Tennessee's global shipments increased by $106 million, an anemic 1.3% gain from a year ago, but this sluggish performance was not unique. Total American exports grew just 1.6% over this same period. Though it was the first quarter in which state exports exceeded $8 billion, there was actually very little change in their composition or destination.
A disproportionate amount of what action there was involved China. Overall, state exports to China rose only a modest 4% (to $641 million), but this hides several large gains and losses. Cotton shipments to China dropped by more than $100 million (from $148 to $43 million), enough to make cotton one of the state's poorest-performing goods for the quarter. However, at the same time, other textile and apparel related exports soared. Exports of nonwoven textiles increased by nearly 500%, sales of polyesters doubled, and artificial filament tow was up by a fifth. These gains clawed back half the losses from cotton. To them the state added significantly increased sales of orthopedic goods, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and motor vehicles — enough to push the quarter's total into the black.
China's purchases of nonwoven textiles powered that product to the strongest global growth of any of Tennessee's larger exporting sectors. Total nonwoven exports nearly doubled for the quarter (from $53 to $103 million). Other strong sectors included the aluminum industry, which also crossed the $100 million mark for the second quarter (a 64% gain) thanks to increased shipments to Canada and Mexico. Orthopedic goods also turned in very good numbers, mostly due to a huge increase in sales to Japan. Japan purchases surged more than $35 million, accounting for 40% of the industry's global increase in sales. China, Australia, and India were other strong markets for the state's orthopedics industry.
The automotive sector did well this past quarter, if not spectacularly so. Car exports grew from $376 to $395 million in the second quarter. The Netherlands and South Korea joined China in accounting for most of this growth. However, Tennessee's two largest automotive destinations, Canada and the Gulf states, were both down a bit for the quarter, dampening the global gain. Shipments of car engines were up about 10%, but those of most other auto or engine parts fell slightly or were flat.
Most other top export sectors saw very little change, though a few experienced a rough ride. The worst was that of computer peripherals and parts. Shipments of laptops and computers were off slightly, but those of computer parts fell by 60% (to $36 million). Its $56 million loss was the largest suffered by any Tennessee export sector. The silver lining, if that's what we wish to call it, is that almost all of this loss occurred in one country: Japan. Exports of computer parts to Japan dropped from $40 to under $1 million.
A similarly remarkable drop in one country, this time Canada, played the same role in depressing the state's sales of human blood and antisera (from $46 to $29 million). Canada was also the culprit in the large export loss suffered by the state's DVD/gaming industry. Computer game sales dropped by more than a third (to $59 million) in the second quarter. And Canada accounted for a third tough performance, that of the mechanical excavator industry. A $15 million drop in sales north of the border accounted for more than half of its global decline to $30 million from $57 million a year ago.
The one exception was Southeast Asia, in particular Singapore. Thanks to large increases in aircraft and medical sales, state exports to Singapore were up by nearly $100 million, a 58% gain (to $249 million). This was by far the best performing of any of the state's significant markets. The other Southeast Asian markets, though much smaller, also did well. A big boost in cell phone shipments led to a sizable gain in the Philippines, while Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia increased their imports of Tennessee goods.
With this one regional exception, state exporters found themselves in the unusual situation of having nowhere to turn. Pretty much across the globe, exports were not growing. Most seriously, the value of the state's shipments to Canada, by far the state's largest market, continued to drop. Though the state is continuing to eke out small quarterly export gains, Tennessee exporters badly need more global growth. Without it exporting, and the economic growth that goes with it, seems to have plateaued.
